![]() ![]() ![]() It has a population of about 1,300,000 (July 1998 est. ![]() The Gambia is the smallest of the anglophone states in West Africa and the smallest African state per se. Contributions to the Sociology of Language 85. Institute of English and American StudiesĮxtract from: Wolf, Hans-Georg (2001). See AFRICAN ENGLISH, AFRICAN LANGUAGES, CARIBBEAN ENGLISH, LIBERIA.A Research Project at the Department of Linguistics Regional vocabulary includes: loans from local languages, such as buka a food stand (from Hausa), and danfo a minibus (from Yoruba) compounds of English and vernacular words, such as akara ball a bean cake, and juju music a kind of music loan translations and adaptations of local usages, such as bush meat game meat, and father and mother used for relatives, as in He is staying with his fathers (He is staying with relatives of his father) and local extensions of general English words, such as corner a curve in a road, go slow a traffic jam, to wet plants to water plants. Grammar is generally the same as standard BrE, but such constructions occur as a country where you have never been there and He is an important somebody. Such words as gush and fur sound like gosh and for, and the vowel sounds of bake and toe are commonly the single vowels /e, o/, not diphthongs as in RP. The consonants /θ,ð/ are generally realized as /t, d/, three of these being pronounced ‘tree of dese’. Intonation is influenced by the tonal systems of West African languages, and because there is a tendency towards syllable-timing, the schwa in unstressed syllables is usually replaced by a full vowel, as in ‘stu-dent’ and ‘quiet-ness’ for student and quietness. WAE is non-rhotic, and /r/ is often trilled. Speakers in the five countries generally understand each other well, but there are differences inside and between countries. It is typically acquired as a second, third, or fourth language, and the line between English as used by a small élite and the more general WEST AFRICAN PIDGIN ENGLISH is difficult to draw. English as used in West Africa the official language of NIGERIA, GHANA, SIERRA LEONE, GAMBIA, and CAMEROON. WEST AFRICAN ENGLISH, short forms WAfrE, WAE. ![]()
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